суббота, 14 ноября 2015 г.

Geneticists have discovered the molecular clock, predictive cancer

Michael Stratton of the Sanger Institute of Cambridge discovered in the human molecular clock that can measure the speed of development of cancerous tumors. Details of this discovery tells the magazine Nature Genetics.

In the scientific journal Nature Genetics was reported that the scientist Michael Stratton of the Sanger Institute of Cambridge found in the human body molecular clock, which are able to measure the speed of development of cancerous tumors. This watch shows when and what processes mutations occur in the human body.

The scientist said that every year the life processes of mutation in the body is growing. It is absolutely natural, because each cell has a copy of the genome. As a result, the mutated gene is imprinted in onkokletki cells similar signature. These processes mutations may predict the development of cancer to its full manifestation. Thanks to this discovery scientists may be able to find the key to solving the problem of the treatment of cancer.
Scientists have established a record for distance quantum teleportation using intricate and "twisted" photons

Over the past three decades, the science of quantum communication and quantum computing has progressed quite a faster pace, constantly adding new protocols, algorithms and hardware. However, the practical implementation of all these theories, due to which it will be possible to realize a quantum Internet and create super-powerful quantum computers is quite a difficult task at the present time. The actual embodiment of the technologies required for the transmission and processing of quantum information, such as "elusive" quantum router constantly encounters the lack of knowledge and lack of other related technologies.

Anton Zeilinger (Anton Zeilinger), a researcher at the University of Vienna, is one of the pioneers of quantum technologies, his research group has carried out the first quantum teleportation using light photons in 1997. Recently, members of this group have announced that both managed to replay using the new method of quantum entanglement between independent qubits, which divides the distance of 143 kilometers. In addition, they were able to get a pair of entangled photons of light, swirling in a special way, which retained its involvement after going a distance of three kilometers.

To transmit quantum entanglement from one object to another, researchers used a curious phenomenon. They created two traditional way of entangled photons, and by changing the polarization of one of them, have achieved simultaneous change in the polarization of the second photon. Now imagine that there are two pairs of entangled photons, the numbers 0 and 1 in the area of ​​the receiving node, and 2 and 3 in the transmitting node. Both pairs of entangled absolutely no influence on each other and do not even feel the presence of the second pair, in other words, between them there is no physical connection or quantum. Photon 3 is sent from the transmitter to the receiver, and interacts with a photon 1. As a result, photons 1 and 3 are complicated. And the most surprising thing is that, in parallel with the established channel of quantum entanglement between photons 0 and 2, even though they are separated by a distance, and they never interact directly with each other.

Currently, the group of Anton Zeilinger working together with researchers from the Chinese University of Science and Technology (University of Science and Technology of China) within the space project. The following year, the Chinese Academy of Sciences (Chinese Academy of Science) plans to launch a satellite Quantum Science Satellite, on board of which will be a quantum transceiver. The satellite and terrestrial stations in Europe and China, will form the first ever quantum network linking Earth and Space. "If we can create two quantum channel between a satellite and two ground stations, we get 100 percent secure quantum communication channel between Europe and China," - says Mario Krenn (Mario Krenn), a member of the Austrian research group.

Last year a group of Anton Zeilinger reported a successful experiment in which was carried out quantum teleportation of information encoded in the form of the orbital angular momentum (orbital angular momentum, AOM) polarization of a photon of light. The usual form photons can have only two kinds of polarization, so-called polarization levels. But the number of discrete orbital angular momentum of the photon polarization twisted almost unlimited. "In our new laboratory experiments, we have shown that it is possible to create quantum entanglement acting once in a hundred measurements covering a hundred different levels of polarization" - says Mario Krenn - "And such a vast confusion can be kept active at a distance of three kilometers."

"Control of the quantum state of twisted photons is much more difficult than simply measuring the level of polarization of the ordinary photon" - says Mario Krenn, - "But we managed to implement a suitable method of synchronous measurement, which guarantees the absence of the influence of independent pairs of entangled photons at each other and that showed that photons with AOM-involvement retain it as a passing through the fiber under ideal conditions, and through the atmosphere, which can cause distortion of the light passing through it. "

среда, 11 ноября 2015 г.

Doctors cracked the blood-brain barrier into the brain to deliver a cure for cancer


To our knowledge, this is the first successful "break" blood-brain barrier without the use of invasive techniques. With the help of ultrasound bubbles, and scientists were able to simply turn off the "ultra-reliable custody", protects the brain from all the excess, which can get into it with blood.

The blood-brain barrier (BBB) ​​may be compared with the customs at the border between the central nervous system and the blood flow. This whole system of cells and mechanisms whose task is to protect the precious brain from toxins, viruses, bacteria and other elements present in the blood. This is a useful and important thing - but in some cases it begins to interfere. BBB is often just as impenetrable wall in the way of drugs that have to work in the brain tissue.

"Blood-brain barrier is a constant obstacle to the delivery of drugs in the treatment of, for example, tumors, - says a Canadian physician and researcher Meynprayz Todd (Todd Mainprize). - And so we are very encouraged that we were able to temporarily "open" this barrier in our patient and to provide targeted delivery of chemotherapy agents directly into the brain tumor. "

The authors argue that this is the first effective non-invasive method of "off" BBB. He looks very interesting. Along with the right medicine in the patient's blood served a myriad of tiny bubbles, smaller than a red blood cell - they are easily carried away by the bloodstream. Then use the scanner and weak sound waves they were working on bubbles only in strictly defined vessels - those that belong to the BBB in the right part of the brain. Ultrasound made the bubbles quickly and vary greatly, pushing superdense connection cells of the vessel wall. In the resulting gaps and penetrating medicine.

Meynprayz colleagues perfected the technique for almost 20 years, but now they are confident that the deed is done, and soon, this approach can be applied in the treatment of a wide range of diseases, including Alzheimer's and Parkinson, psychiatric abnormalities.
How to learn a new language: 7 Tips from TED translators

Play tips on language learning from the people who know how to say «Hello» and «London is the ...», is meaningless. But by professionals - not. TED translators shared their tricks that help them to learn the language and to motivate yourself for further training.

They say that children learn language faster than the others. However, this does not mean that adults should give up. Here are a few tips to help you cope with a new language:

1. Put realistic goals. Decide on a feasible goal, to not feel overwhelmed. One of the translators of TED, Judith Matz offers to choose 50 words of a new language and try to use them in real life. And only then move on to grammar.
2. Let the language in their everyday life. The more you use a foreign language in everyday life, the more your brain gets used to it. Olga Dmitrochenkova which translates TED lectures to Russian offers to every thing in the house hang a sticker with its name in another language. Also, do not neglect the children's books written in a foreign language.
3. Make a habit of learning the language. Search for language learning something that you like the most and stick to this habit every day. It can be a conversation with people, reading foreign articles and books or movies with subtitles.
4. Let technology help you. Even such a trifle as the installation of another language in your phone can help. Also TED colleagues suggest using a variety of applications. For example, Anki iliDuolingo.
5. Think about learning the language as an opportunity to gain new experience. For Sebastian Betti new language has always been the ability to see the world in new ways. Visiting parks, reading books on a previously unknown language, or listening to music at folk festivals. Other TED translators agree with this advice. For Anna Minoli English has become the ability to watch your favorite movies without translation, and Ivan Stamenkovic, realizing more in the fifth grade, he can speak English, I was able to watch your favorite cartoons without subtitles.
6. Make friends. Interaction with other people in a new language - is the key to learning how to express their thoughts, instead of pronouncing all the words in my head before them to give. If you want, you can easily find a native speaker who wants to talk to you. The possibilities are many, ranging from thematic meetings and ending with the Internet.
7. Do not worry about mistakes. One of the major barriers to learning a new language - it is the fear of making a mistake. But speakers your attempt to communicate with them in their own language - a sign almost genius. They will appreciate your efforts and try to help you. And be patient: the more you talk, the closer become the imaginary ideal of himself.

воскресенье, 8 ноября 2015 г.

Alphabet predicts the global Internet by the end of 2016


Owns the search engine giant Google Alphabet company predicts that by the end of 2016, even the most remote regions of the world will have access to affordable internet with the help of the project company named Loon initiative.

The company is about to launch the next batch of Internet-balls in Indonesia and hopes to create a network of air Wi-Fi points above the planet by the end of the year.

This network will include balloons 300 that provide access to the network even if one of them will be carried away by the wind.

The initiative was announced Vice President Project Loon Mike Cassidy, who said that they hope the next year to build the first obscheplanetnaya interconnected network and for some regions to provide continuous coverage.

In May last year, Google tested the inflatable cylinders Project Loon in Brazil as part of his first experiment with networks 4G. In February 2014 a record for a balloon in the stratosphere up to 50 days, and in March of 2015 it has 187 days.
Scientists have discovered the cosmic microwave background possible traces parallel universe


Scientists, astronomers studied the signals coming from the most distant corners of space, found some anomalies, saying that the space-time continuum of our universe is destroyed, or rather destroyed a long time ago, on its borders influence of another universe, the physical laws which are fundamentally different from all familiar to us. Further work in this area can provide facts which will serve as partial confirmation of the so-called theory of the Multiverse, according to which in the space, there are many parallel universes, which are periodically penetrate and influence each other.

A team of scientists, led by Dr. Renga-Ram Chari (Ranga-Ram Chary) from the California Institute of Technology, studied the registration data of the cosmic microwave background, which were collected using a space telescope Planck Space Telescope of the European Space Agency. The picture of the microwave background, which is the light that arose at the time of the Big Bang, it was found many spots, the brightness of which significantly exceeds the brightness, they should have according to theoretical calculations.

In order to be able to make such findings, Chari's team used several mathematical models of the microwave background, the data were combined with real data collected by the telescope Planck. After such a combination of signals from the researchers removed all the stars, gas and dust, and after cleaning so the painting was to remain only a uniform noise signal.

However, the resulting picture Background scientists found scattered haphazard way areas whose brightness is 4.5 times the brightness of thousands of general background noise. And analysis of the various characteristics of the radiation of the spot indicates that this may be a kind of signals, born the interaction of our universe and another universe, which occurred a few hundred thousand years after the Big Bang, that is, 13.8 billion years ago. And the interaction itself like two universes simultaneously inflated bubbles, which are in contact with each other.

In addition, some of the available data indicate that the second Universe is radically different from our own. The ratio of subatomic particles called baryons and photons in this universe is about ten times greater than in our universe. And it says that the other universe is radically different from ours, it reigns a different set of physical laws, and inside it is something quite unusual and unfamiliar.

The resulting group of Dr. Renga-Ram Chari results aroused the interest of other scientists. Some of them believe that these signals may not be the result of other manifestations of the universe, but still behind them, some hitherto unknown phenomenon and are these phenomena require additional and more thorough study. And spend this additional study, the researchers will have an opportunity after the launch of NASA's mission Primordial Inflation Explorer, the possibility of funding which will be discussed only at the end of 2016.
Companies in the United States to pay $ 12 million to attract specialists from Russia


Companies Computer Sciences Corporation and NetCracker within pre-trial proceedings have agreed to pay $ 12 million in connection with suspicion of violation of privacy and the involvement of experts from Russia, put forward by the US Department of Justice.

It is reported that the prosecution is that the employees of both companies sent hackers from Russia program codes to work on them, after which the finished product is sent to the Pentagon. Penalties company agreed to pay in order to later managed to escape the higher costs.

пятница, 6 ноября 2015 г.

   9 scientifically proven reasons to get a dog


Dogs accompany people for over 18,000 years, being the first in the history of pets. And it is not just. Scientists have proven that dogs make us laugh more often than cats, make us more mobile and even reduce the chances of falling into depression. Well, if you still do not believe that the dog - man's best friend (or you have to convince someone), then here's a good reason why you should start a four-legged friend.

1. Dogs make us laugh.
According to one study published in the journal Society & Animals, dog owners often laugh. The researchers interviewed the owners of dogs, cat owners and owners of those and others, and analyzed the data and concluded that only the owners of dogs, or dogs and cats and laugh more often than others.

2. Dogs devotees.
Dog joined the human 18-32 thousand years ago, evolved from the wolf. Wolves live in flocks, where the link between family members are very strong. It is this behavior and makes dogs so true. Scientist Stephen Zavistovski explains that dogs see their owner to another "flock", and therefore become attached to it as if it is his brother or sister.

3. Dogs make us more sociable.
In the UK, a team of scientists from the University of Liverpool and Bristol found that dog owners have more friends than those who do not have a dog. It is logical, given that the dog will make you more likely to go out and walk in the park, where you are likely to meet other owners of four-legged pets.

4. Dogs make us healthier.
Yes, dogs can protect us from disease. Children born in the house where a dog is less risk of developing asthma and allergies to dust. The study, published in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences last year, found that mice that are in the house where the dog lives, it has developed a special group of microbes that protects against allergens. It is reported that these are the germs to protect the child from developing allergies to dust.

5. Dogs make us more active.
Obesity - one of the main problems of modern society. University of Michigan study found that 60% of dog owners who regularly walking their pets have normal weight. Moreover, elderly people walking their dogs, are more mobile and physically healthier than those who simply walks with your partner.

6. Dogs save lives.
Dogs are not the best friends of the cats, but, for example, earlier this year in Florida, a dog rescued by a cat ... a blood transfusion. Some dogs universal blood type, as some people, so that when the cat named Buttercup did not find a donor cat, veterinarians used the dog. The cat survived. People dog, too, of course, help. Especially nadressirovannye dogs, for example, can smell a stroke for 15 minutes before it happens, and start barking to warn the person. As the dog fails to sense it is still not known.

7. Dogs give us a sense of what we need.
Dogs - a great companion for anyone, but especially for the elderly. According to the research journal Journal of Social Psychology, elderly dog ​​owners are more satisfied with their social, physical and mental condition than people the same age without a dog.

8. Dogs give us confidence.
Another study found that dogs are able to make some patients self-confidence and strength to live on.

9. Dogs just make us happy.
Just look at his faithful four-legged friend, you will feel much better, because your body will release the hormone oxytocin. Dog owners are less prone to depression, less tired, have higher self-esteem and generally happy with life. So go ahead - Get a dog. But remember - it's a big responsibility! It is not necessary to purchase a dog, if you are not ready to become her friend the same as it is to you.
10 interesting facts about where did the @, #,%, ~, and other characters


With the emergence and development of the Internet, many printed characters appeared "second life." For example, what kind of online without a "dog"?

1. The exclamation point "!"

The exclamation point comes from the expression «note of admiration» (mark of astonishment). One theory of its origin, it was the Latin word for joy (Io), written with the letter «I» of the letter «o». For the first time the exclamation mark appeared in the "Catechism of Edward VI», published in London in 1553.

2. Dog or commercial floor "@"

The origin of this symbol is not known. The traditional hypothesis - the medieval contraction of the Latin preposition ad (meaning "to", "to", "to", "y", "if").

In 2000, Giorgio Stabile, a professor of Sapienza, put forward another hypothesis. In a letter written by a Florentine merchant in 1536, mentioned the price of one «A» of wine, and the letter «A» was decorated with curls and looked like "@" according to Stabile, it was an abbreviation for volume unit - a standard amphora.

In Spanish, Portuguese, French, @ symbol traditionally meant arroba - old Spanish measure of weight equal to 11.502 kg (12.5 kg in Aragon); the word comes from the Arabic "al-rub", which means "quarter" (a quarter of a hundred pounds). In 2009, the Spanish historian Jorge Romance discovered reduction Arroba symbol @ in the Aragonese manuscript Taula de Ariza, written in 1448, almost a century before Florence's letters, studied Stabile.

Similar to @ signs found in Russian books XVI-XVII centuries - in particular, on the cover sheet of Laws of Ivan the Terrible (1550). This is usually decorated with curl letter "az", indicating in Cyrillic numerals unit, in the case of Sudebnik - the first point.

3. Oktotorp or sharp "#"

Etymology and English orthography (octothorp, octothorpe, octatherp) controversial words.

According to some sources, the sign comes from the medieval cartographic tradition, where so designated village, surrounded by eight fields (hence the name «octothorp»).

In other news, it's a playful neologism employee Bell Labs Don Macpherson (born. Don Macpherson), which appeared in the early 1960s, from octo- (lat. Octo, Russian. Eight), the speaker of the eight "end" character, and - thorpe, refers to Jim Thorpe (medalist of the Olympic Games, which was interested in McPherson). However, Douglas Kerr (Eng. Douglas A. Kerr) in his article «The ASCII Character" Octatherp "» says «octatherp» created as a joke of his own, as well as Bell Labs engineers and Herbert John Shaak Utlautom. The publication «The Merriam-Webster New Book of Word Histories» (1991) gives the spelling «octotherp» as the original, and considers the telephone engineers its sponsors.

4. The semicolon ";"

The semicolon was first introduced by the Italian printer Aldus Manutius (Italian. Aldo Pio Manuzio; 1449 / 1450-1515), who used it to separate the opposing words and independent parts slozhnosochinёnnyh proposals. Shakespeare had to use a semicolon in your sonnets. In the Russian text the comma and semicolon appeared in the late XV century.

5. Percentage of "%"

The word "percent" comes from the Latin. «Pro ​​centum», which means in translation "hundredth part". In 1685 in Paris the book "Guide to commercial arithmetic 'Mathieu de la Porte. At one point it was a question of percentages, which are then designated «cto» (abbreviated from cento). However, typesetter took this «cto» for printed roll and "%". So because of a typo that sign came into use.

6. The ampersand "&"

Authorship is credited ampersand Marcus Tullius Tiro, faithful servant and secretary of Cicero. Even after Tyrone became a freedman, he continued to write lyrics Cicero. And in '63 BC. e. He invented a system to speed up the rate of writing called "tironovskimi signs" or "tironovymi notes» (Notæ Tironianæ, originals did not survive), which were used until the XI century (so that at the same time feel more Tyrone and the founder of the Roman shorthand).

7. A question mark "?".

It is found in printed books from the XVI century, but to express the question he is fixed much later, only in the XVIII century.
Inscription sign comes from the Latin letters q and o (quaestio - search [response]). Originally written q over o, which are then transformed into a modern mark.

8. asterisk, asterisk or "*".

It was introduced in the 2nd century BC. e. in the texts of the ancient Library of Alexandria grammarian Aristophanes of Byzantium to indicate ambiguities.

9. The parentheses "()".

Parentheses appeared in 1556 Tartaglia (for radical expression) and later - at Girard. Simultaneously Bombelli used as a starting corner brackets in the form of a letter L, and as a final - it is in inverted form (1550); such record was the ancestor of the square brackets. Braces offered Wyeth (1593). Yet most mathematicians then chose instead parentheses nadchёrkivat generated expression. In general use brackets introduced Leibniz.

10. The tilde "~".

In most languages ​​superscript tilde sign corresponds occurring letters n and m, which in medieval cursive often written above the line (above the previous letter) and Inscription degenerated into a wavy line.

вторник, 3 ноября 2015 г.

The new model demonstrates the enormity of the collision of two black holes




We know that black holes that appear from the remains of the victims of supermassive stars have such a strong force of gravity that not even light, crossed the border of the event horizon, can not leave this region of space. Because of their low weight and scrutiny of the unique properties of black holes are very difficult objects to create their mathematical models. But the complexity of the mathematical model of the collision of two black holes and say why not. However, such a model has already been created and the results of its calculations allowed the researchers to make a video that illustrates the enormity of the event, which manifests itself in the form of two "maneuvering" black bodies, distorting the nearby space, even the light from distant stars.

In the world of asteroids, planets and comets all traffic collisions and obey the laws of classical physics. These laws are a set of rules that imposed even Isaac Newton to describe concepts such as acceleration, deceleration, speed, kinetic energy and its transmission from one body to another in a collision. Classical Newtonian Dynamics works quite well in the simulation, for example, landing on other planets, the trajectories of celestial bodies, and even the fall of a massive asteroid to Earth. But at the time, Albert Einstein showed that Newtonian physics is at best a rather crude approximation of the laws of the global behavior of everything in the universe.

Black holes due to its gravity distorts space-time continuum in the surrounding space, creating space radiating gravitational perturbations. When two black holes approach each other at a distance sufficient to enter the gravitational traps each other, they begin to converge, moving at a rate of a substantial fraction of the speed of light. And what happens with the space at this time, the scientists describe the following phrase: "It is the space in the area of ​​near black holes, just torn into small pieces." And every time scientists have tried to describe the ongoing processes in such moments, "such formulas were obtained, that our brains were ready to explode with it" - says physicist Matthew Duez (Matthew Duez).

Matthew Duez, a scientist in the field of theoretical physics, works in the project Simulating Extreme Spacetimes (SXS), he says that within a few decades, when it came to the creation of mathematical models of black holes, the researchers used a set of much simpler and trim concepts to provide mediocre results. However, in their work, scientists project SXS tried to avoid it as possible, they even had to modify the equations of Einstein's field that determine the levels of space-time distortion under the influence of extremely high forces.

Model of the black hole, the project team developed SXS, improved and supplemented for quite a long time. And as a result, it has reached a level, when her help was possible to simulate the collision of two massive black holes, showing something, but what it can be like when viewed from the side. Scientists placed two virtual black hole at the center of the Milky Way virtual, and then start the program of mathematical modeling "tracking" of each ray of light from distant stars, through which you can get a visual representation of the collision.

If you view the video at maximum quality, and in full screen mode, you can see the appearance, disappearance and displacement of the rays of light that seems to literally dance around the black hole under the influence of gravity. Naturally, the stars themselves in the background remain stationary, but their emitted light begins to "swirl", refracted, and focus revolve around the gravitational lens of a black hole, forming a halo round, known as the "Einstein rings".

The Arctic Circle have found the oldest purebred dogs



The Arctic Circle eight thousand years ago, the breeding of dogs and brought rock to modern standards of Siberian huskies.

Archaeologists working on the New Siberian Islands in the Arctic Ocean, between the Laptev Sea and East Siberian Sea - in particular, in the parking lot of ground hunters on the island Zhokhova. This place is one of the most northern archaeological sites of the world and the oldest traces of human presence in the high latitudes.

In this area, the dogs were domesticated, not only, but also to meet the standards of modern sled Siberian huskies, including the animal's body weight - 25 kilograms. In addition, the dog park Zhohovskoy lived to ripe, and some to old age, as evidenced by the skull of these animals with heavily worn dentition during the life of the system. Thus, people caring for aging animals.

Who, when and why of the first domesticated dog
Found during excavations sledges say that the dog is used to move, although there were more large individuals, which use most likely to hunt bear.

The remains found during excavations also allowed the restoration of the annual cycle of the people who lived in these places eight thousand years ago. Then the modern Siberian Islands were part of the land and the coast has a permanent camp, where, according to different estimates of scientists, lived from 25 to 50 people.

They practiced fishing reindeer and polar bears, and the production was all-season deer, bear and fishing was carried out mainly in the winter. Apparently, when hunting in the northern predator ancient humans perfected the skills of hunting brown bear, possessed of their ancestors who lived in the forest-tundra and taiga. Bear hunted for human consumption anywhere in the world traces of eating polar bears in such large numbers has not yet been found, archaeologists say.

The excavations on the island, scientists have identified at least five Zhokhova human individuals - four men and women, some of them are close relatives. Genetic research has shown that they belong to the group, which had a West Eurasian origin. The ancestors of these people have come here from the territory lying west - perhaps from the north of Western Siberia and the Urals. This population is preceded by any of today's ethnic groups, known in the area, - Yukagirs, nations Tungus group, Yakuts and Russian. They did not have to continue in the local population of later periods.

понедельник, 2 ноября 2015 г.

Japanese scientists have invented a drug that kills the flu virus one day


Current drugs to beat the flu virus, it takes at least five days. Japanese scientists have come up with a drug that will help cope with the viral disease in just one day. By doing such a miracle pill pharmacological market is expected in 2018.

A new invention in the market of drugs reported by the newspaper Nikkei. The Japanese pharmaceutical company Shionogi & Co plans to release as she calls it, the world's first drug for the treatment of influenza in one day at the beginning of 2018. In contrast to existing analogs new drug prevents the spread of the influenza virus. Its action is based on the fact that it does not allow the virus to the enzymes necessary for its reproduction. The causative agent of the disease simply locked inside the body without the ability to spread, and within a day dies. The drug is taken orally.

Note to beat the flu, modern medicines requires a minimum of five days. The drug has already passed the first clinical trials on healthy people in Japan, and has shown its safety. The second phase will begin in November, when the number of cases of influenza increases dramatically.

The drug will be tested already in several hundred patients. The Ministry of Health of Japan after the final test and obtain a license for the drug to put it on the market. It is planned to make at the beginning of 2018.

Influenza - an acute infectious disease of the respiratory tract caused by the influenza virus. Included in the group of acute respiratory viral infections (ARI). Periodically it distributed in the form of epidemics. Currently it identified more than two thousand. Variants of influenza virus. WHO estimates that of all the variants of the virus during seasonal epidemics in the world die each year from 250 to 500 thousand. People (most of them are older than 65 years). Each year, doctors discover new epidemic strains of influenza, immunologists develop new vaccines against them. Recently, however, two groups of scientists announced the creation of a universal vaccine suitable for the fight against all strains of the virus. Unlike conventional that use comfortable, but fast-changing target proteins on the surface of virus particles, these drugs are based on a much more stable protein - hemagglutinin, available for all types of influenza virus H1N1.

And he and the other approaches have demonstrated their effectiveness. In experiments on laboratory mice showed the vaccine's ability to form immunity from influenza H5N1, a close (and very dangerous) relative H1N1. In further experiments, "with nanoparticles vaccine" was able to protect ferrets and "vaccine with a protein rebuilt" - experimental monkeys. Of the six, four rodents survived (in the control group who did not receive the vaccine died from the flu all six animals), and grafted a monkey moved the disease much easier.
The new algorithm watches the people behind the wall via Wi-Fi


Wireless networks like everything and they appear wider. But even a traditional Wi-Fi-signal can be much more than we used to. RF Capture system allows you to track people's movements and postures through walls - even on the opposite side of the building - through radio Wi-Fi-router.

Developers RF Capture promise to formally introduce the system at the conference SIGGRAPH Asia 2015 to be held in a few weeks, however, the basic details of the project released now. I must say that this is not the first such development. Like its predecessor, for it requires the use of a router with special add-ons that can collect and process the reflected radio signal.

However, until now such systems could specify a maximum number of people on the wall, without distinguishing any details. RF Capture with higher resolution and can detect movement, posture, and even the position of different parts of the body. Recognizing rights and were instructed not to keep an eye on him, the system will continue to monitor all the movements of his silhouette, focusing on growth and body shape of the object of observation. According to the authors, it can distinguish between up to 15 different people with the reliability of 90%.

"The data you get from the reflected waves, it turns out quite a few, - says one of the authors of RF Capture kataba Dina (Dina Katabi). - However, we have been able to allocate significant signal through a series of specially designed algorithms remove the noise. " The developers believe that these algorithms can be applied not only to spy on people, but also in the more noble pursuit - digital cinema, "smart homes" ...

"We are working on a home security device that can automatically call the rescue when someone is in the house collapses - continues kataba. - Another example, one can imagine a system of control home lighting, entertainment systems, air conditioning that works based on your location in the house. "
The ancestor of apes and humans weighing more than five kilograms of not

Paleontologists have found in Spain an ancient skeleton of a primitive ape age of about 11.6 million years. According to scientists, it was the ancestor of all apes and humans. Her weight was surprisingly small - only 4-5 kilograms.
Until now, scientists have assumed that the ancestor of monkeys, including the hominoids (apes) were large animals. However, this theory denies found the skeleton of a primitive ape. The study of fossils is published in the journal Science.
In 2011, the artist David Alba from Autonomous University of Barcelona dug up in the northern part of Catalonia (Spain) several hundred fragments of bones of small primates, 70 of which managed to combine in a partial skeleton consisting of a skull of the paws, teeth and several partially preserved joints. After studying its anatomy, the scientists were surprised to find that this creature could be the common ancestor of apes and humans. Paleontologists have found the animal called Pliobates catalonia and gave an informal nickname of "Eulalia" in honor of the saint - patron saint of Barcelona.
Ancient ape looked like a gibbon on alleged hominid ancestors: gorillas, chimpanzees, orangutans and humans. The primitive structure of the teeth is characteristic of Old World monkey, and the structure of the skull and the ratio of body mass to the mass of the brain close to the hominoids. The brain, too, she was quite small - a cranial capacity did not exceed 69-75 cu. cm. This suggests that her intellectual abilities were quite low, similar to the ability of modern monkeys and macaques. To the surprise of scientists, the weight of the monkeys is not more than 4-5 kg. This monkey was moving slowly, according to its anatomy, but it was pretty clever. Unusually turned the device limb. The slope of the wrist gently let the monkey climb trees, but the elbow was deprived of features allowing to hang on the branches (namely those traits distinguish modern apes from other primates). Finally, the structure of the outer ear was even more primitive than the primates that preceded the Old World monkeys.
Judging by the nature of the micro-cracks on the teeth, Eulalia ate fruit and other soft food. Lived alleged ancestor of apes and humans in the Miocene epoch (11.6 million years ago), adopted much later date in a separate allocation of hominoid superfamily.
The boy, who has lived his entire life as an astronaut on an alien planet 


The boy in the photo was called David Vetter (David Vetter). He lived a short, in his own vivid, but in fact infinitely tragic life. Severe combined immunodeficiency syndrome, identified at the stage of pregnancy led to the fact that right from the womb David Vetter got into isolated from the outside world impermeable plastic bubble, in which spent 12 years.

The first son of David's parents died at the age of seven months. Death occurred due to dysfunction of the thymus - prostate, in which the maturation and differentiation of immunologically "learning» T-cells of the immune system. The reason for this dysfunction was severe combined immunodeficiency syndrome (stki). At each subsequent child was a 50% chance of inheriting this syndrome. The doctors offered in such a case, immediately after the birth of the child placed in a sterile isolator that after some time for bone marrow transplantation. As the donor was supposed to make Vetter daughter Katrina.

The couple passionately wanted to have an heir, and decided to take another pregnancy, believing that after a short treatment their child could lead a normal life. To leave had been prepared sterile cocoon, where David was placed less than 10 seconds after delivery. Then David was baptized with holy water sterilized. However, after the birth of David revealed that Katrina is not compatible donor, and a bone marrow transplant is not possible. Bubble, was conceived as a temporary solution, has become his home.

David grew up and soon became neobhodimo equipped for him and the whole bladder hospital room. Water, air, food, clothing - everything was special treatment before it reaches the bladder. All manipulations were carried out through the walls of the bladder attached to the plastic gloves. Engines who supported the bubble inflated, published loud noise that interfered with normal conversation with David. When he was three years old, was attached to the bladder gaming compartment. But David refused to go into a new "room" of his bladder, while the therapist Mary Murphy is not persuaded, offering a good look at the goldfish aquarium with which she held in her hands.

Doctors and parents have tried to make it a normal life. He studied, watched TV. But David wanted himself to be a part of the world, that he saw through the window and on the TV. He once said: "In my talks, I have to do. Why should I learn? Why should I read? What's the use? Anyway, I can not do anything? So what is all this? "When David was about three years old, he could spend two or three weeks at his parents' house, where the established bladder. His sister slept with him in the same room. They were friendly, although sometimes fought using gloves. Once David Katrina hit and moved to the far wall of the bladder, where she could not get it. But in the end prevailed Katrina - she threatened to turn off the bubble, and even done it a few times. If the main bubble deflates David could take refuge in a small inner bladder.

He had friends, his classmates came to visit. Once, they even arranged for him to view the "Return of the Jedi" in the local movie theater where David was brought to the bladder, which is usually carried home from the hospital. When David was 4 years old, he found himself in a bubble, you can make a hole using a syringe accidentally left there. Then the doctors had first to tell him about bacteria, and about his illness. By five years, David is fully aware of their difference from others, and understand what the future he will. Despite the fact that the media created an image of quite a healthy baby boy, trapped in a bubble, in the life of the mind of David it was unstable due to the lack of human interaction and awareness of the hopelessness of their situation. On the face of it, as a rule, it was stressed polite, but the fury found out. One day, he scattered inside the bubble own excrement. Besides, he was very afraid of bacteria. He often had nightmares about the "king of microbes."

In 1974, NASA developed for David suit that would allow him to take a walk outside the bubble. When he handed over a suit, David refused to wear it in front of the press. Later, when journalists went, trying on all the same place, but David did no more than six steps. Later, he made himself a costume, but wore it only seven times until he became his small. New suit courtesy NASA, he did not put a single time.

Over time, the situation became unbearable. The chances of finding the treatment did not increase. Doctors feared that as a teenager, David will become more aggressive and unpredictable. The US government is going to cut funding for the project, which had demanded 1.3 million dollars, but did not bring any tangible results. In 1983, when David was 12, the same three doctors that originally came up with the whole experiment, his parents offered to do a bone marrow transplant despite incomplete compatibility of the donor. Find a fully matching donor and failed, and in the past years there has been great progress in operations with incomplete donors. The operation went well and within a few months after it had strong hopes that David will be able to finally leave the bladder.

But then David for the first time in my life got sick. He began diarrhea, fever, vomiting and internal bleeding. As it turned out, the bone marrow Katrina contained traces of sleeping Epstein-Barr virus. Once in the body, David, the virus began to spread rapidly and has created hundreds of cancer. The symptoms were so severe that he had to be extracted from the bladder to treat. When his father asked him directly if he wants to leave the bubble, David replied that he agreed to anything just to feel better. Outside the bubble of his condition continued to deteriorate, and he fell into a coma. Then his mother for the first time in my life been able to touch her son. He died 15 days later, on 22 February 1984. He was 12 years old.